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New research led by the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) suggests there are about 18,000 bird species in the world, nearly twice as many as previously thought. The study, published Nov. 23 in the journal PLOS ONE, focuses on “hidden” avian diversity — birds that look similar to one another, or were thought to interbreed, but are actually different species.
“We are proposing a major change to how we count diversity,” says Joel Cracraft, an author of the study and a curator in the AMNH’s department of ornithology. “This new number says that we haven’t been counting and conserving species in the ways we want.”
Birds are traditionally thought of as a well-studied group, with more than 95 percent of their global species diversity estimated to have been described, AMNH says in a news release. Most checklists used by bird watchers and scientists say there are between roughly 9,000 and 10,000 species of birds. But those numbers are based on what’s known as the “biological species concept,” which defines species in terms of what animals can breed together.
“It’s really an outdated point of view, and it’s a concept that is hardly used in taxonomy outside of birds,” says lead author George Barrowclough, an associate curator in the Museum’s department of ornithology.
For the new work, Cracraft, Barrowclough, and their colleagues at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and the University of Washington, examined a random sample of 200 bird species through the lens of morphology — the study of the physical characteristics like plumage pattern and color, which can be used to highlight birds with separate evolutionary histories. This method turned up, on average, nearly two different species for each of the 200 birds studied. That suggests that bird biodiversity is severely underestimated, and is likely closer to 18,000 species worldwide, the museum says.
The researchers also surveyed existing genetic studies of birds, which revealed that there could be upwards of 20,000 species. But because the birds in this body of work were not selected randomly — and, in fact, many were likely chosen for study because they were already thought to have interesting genetic variation — it could be an overestimate. The authors argue that future taxonomy efforts in ornithology should be based on both methods.
“It was not our intent to propose new names for each of the more than 600 new species we identified in the research sample,” Cracraft says in the news release. “However, our study provides a glimpse of what a future taxonomy should encompass.”
John Klicka, University of Washington, Seattle, also was a co-author on the study, which was funded in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation.
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