NIAID funds Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome research

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The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, awarded five projects for research to better understand Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS).

PTLDS is a collection of symptoms, such as pain fatigue and difficulty thinking or “brain fog,” which linger following standard treatment for Lyme disease.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 476,000 people in the United States are infected with Lyme disease each year. An estimated 15 percent of them experience PTLDS.

The CDC reports that Lyme disease is transmitted by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis, also known as the deer tick) in the northeastern U.S. and upper midwestern U.S., and the western blacklegged tick (I. pacificus) along the Pacific coast.

“As tickborne diseases, including Lyme disease, become more common and widespread in the United States, it is increasingly urgent that we understand all facets of the disease, including the root causes of PTLDS,” Acting NIAID Director Dr. Hugh Auchincloss said in the news release. “We anticipate that the research supported by these awards will provide vital information on how to diagnose and treat this complex set of symptoms.”

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi (and related species) that is transmitted by the bite of an infected tick. The classic sign of early-stage Lyme disease is a distinctive bullseye-shaped rash surrounding the tick bite. If not cured in its early stage, infection can advance to late-stage disease, which can be associated with fatigue, severe headaches, dizziness, facial paralysis and heart problems, as well as joint, tendon, muscle and nerve pain.

Most cases of Lyme disease can be effectively treated with oral antibiotics. However, some patients suffer from symptoms that linger long after the initial course of antibiotics, even though the active infection appears to be gone. The cause of PTLDS is unknown, but scientists hypothesize that it may be due to a misguided immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi where the immune system attacks the patient’s own cells; an ongoing Borrelia burgdorferi infection that is difficult to detect; or some other reason.

Unfortunately, there is no standard treatment for PTLDS. Although long-term courses of antibiotics are often used, clinical studies have shown this approach to be either ineffective, or that the risks and side effects of long-term antibiotics outweigh their potential benefits. In addition, PTLDS is often difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are so varied, and because so far there is little evidence that the patients have an active Borrelia burgdorferi infection.

The news release noted that broadening our understanding of PTLDS may also contribute to our knowledge of a broader set of infection-associated chronic illnesses, such as Long COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Without understanding the biologic processes of these conditions, it will be very difficult to develop effective clinical interventions.

The new NIAID awards for PTLDS, which will total approximately $3.2 million in first-year funding, will support work on possible causes of persistent PTLDS symptoms for five years.

The award recipients are:

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
Project title: The natural release of unusual peptidoglycan fragments drives persistent Lyme disease symptoms in susceptible hosts
Principal investigator: Dr. Brandon Jutras

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Project title: Unlocking serology’s secrets: harnessing novel immune biomarkers to predict Lyme disease progression and recovery
Principal investigator: Dr. Michal Tal

Tufts University, Boston
Project title: Auto-antibodies as predictive markers for Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome
Principal investigator: Dr. Linden Hu

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
Project title: Determinants of post-treatment phenotypes in Lyme disease
Principal investigator: Dr. John Aucott

Arizona State University, Tempe
Project title: Discovery of early immunologic biomarkers for risk of PTLDS through machine learning-assisted broad temporal profiling of humoral immune response
Principal investigator: Dr. Neal Woodbury